The Educator's Notebook

featured articles

Trainers: Parents Should Limit Sports Participation/Specialization. Details.
New York Times - 10/17/19

“The six N.A.T.A. recommendations are endorsed by five societies of athletic trainers, including professional football, hockey, soccer, basketball and baseball trainers, as well as the group’s Intercollegiate Council for Sports Medicine.”
Still Trying To Figure Out What “ESports” Are? Here’s A Simple History
Quartz - 9/11/19

“In 2018, 141 US colleges and universities offered varsity esports programs, 75 more than in 2017.”
Solvitur Ambulando: It Is Solved By Walking.
Quartz - 5/25/19

“Walking is a way to be more present, ease anxiety, spark creativity, increase productivity, and detox from digital overload (that is, if you don’t walk with your face in your phone).”
Is Football In Schools Ethically Defensible, Asks Harvard Publication
Harvard Education Review - 6/19/18

“In this essay, ethicists… argue that the US public schools' sponsorship of tackle football is ethically indefensible and inconsistent with their educational aims. Their argument relies on three ethical principles and a growing body of evidence that many students who play football suffer traumatic brain injury and cognitive impairment that undermine their academic success and life prospects, whether or not they suffer concussions. The authors also address educational claims made on behalf of football, the legal principles governing custodial responsibilities of schools and parents, factors that limit the moral and legal significance of children's consent to participate in football programs, and evidence that sponsorship of football programs subjects educational institutions to unsustainable financial risk.”
E-Sports Continue To Expand At Universities
Education Dive - 9/1/17

"This past fall, Miami University became the first Division 1 school to have a varsity e-sports team, and Platt said a game last semester had more streaming viewers the school’s football, basketball and hockey matches throughout the entire year. The Guardian even reports the possibility that e-sports will be included in the 2024 Paris Olympics… There are about 40 schools with varsity teams throughout the country, according to Platt, and many are offering scholarships. While some are thousands of dollars — others, like the University of Utah, are offering full ride scholarships to talented gamers.”

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Really, Really, Really Short Workouts Can Change Your Fitness
New York Times - 2/1/17

"He and his colleagues asked sedentary men and women to complete three 20-second intervals on a stationary bicycle, pedaling as hard as they could manage, with two minutes of gentle, slow pedaling between each interval. This was the one-minute workout. After six weeks of performing three of these sessions per week, for a total of 18 minutes of intense exercise tucked in to slightly longer periods of less intense exercise, the volunteers were significantly more aerobically fit and healthier, with improved blood pressure numbers and markers of muscular health.”
American Academy of Pediatrics Statement On Sports Specialization
AAP Publications - 8/29/16

"The new AAP clinical report Sports Specialization and Intensive Training in Young Athletes reviews the background of specialization, discusses concerns with intensive training and answers common questions regarding sports specialization in young athletes. Included in the report is an infographic that can be used as an educational tool for patients, parents and coaches.”
Specializing In 1 Sport “Isn’t Smart, Even For Kids Who Want To Go Pro”
Washington Post - 6/22/16

"Look at this year’s National Football League draft. Twenty-six of the 31 first-round picks, including Jared Goff, the player drafted ahead of all the others, had been multi-sport athletes in high school, according to Tracking Football.”
Sports And The Classroom: A Plea To Coaches To Bridge The Gap
Chronicle of Higher Education - 4/1/16

"How ironic it was then to discover that at one of the greatest institutions of learning in the world, coaches built a tacit but impenetrable wall between athletics and the life of the mind… coaches made no attempt to get to know me as a person beyond basketball, except when I decided to leave the team. There were no conversations regarding my academic life, no conversations about my personal background and no discussions about the cultural and social responsibilities that come with being a student-athlete.”
Data On Changing Popularity Of Youth Sports
Boston Globe - 11/27/15

"Football has seen the steepest decline, but participation has also fallen in baseball, softball, soccer, and basketball. Meanwhile, more kids are playing racquetball, ice hockey, lacrosse, Ultimate Frisbee, and squash.”
Learning Multiple Sports Helps You Improve In Any One Sport
Stadion - 8/12/15

"Speed of learning and the ability to perfect movements depend on the size of one’s stored experiences of movements (“movement erudition”). Yes, those who have more will get more, easier. This is why well-trained athletes do a wide variety of exercises besides those that are sport-specific for them and practice techniques of other sports.”
Are Adults Ruining Youth (Including High School) Sports?
Boston Globe - 5/4/14

"Three out of four American families with school-aged children have at least one playing an organized sport — a total of about 45 million kids. By age 15, as many as 80 percent of these youngsters have quit, according to the Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine. One reason is the gap between the child’s desire to have fun and the misguided notion among some adults that their kids’ games are a miniature version of grown-up competitions, where the goal is to win. In 20 years of coaching youth and high school sports, I can say unequivocally that adult expectations are the number one problem.”

athletics

Jaromir Jagr Keeps Playing At 51
New York Times - 2/28/23
What It’s Like To Be A Professional Pace Runner
New York Times - 2/25/23
“Harlem School Sends First All-Black Squash Team To National Championship”
Washington Post - 2/24/23
How Safe Are Bicycle Helmets?
Slate - 1/16/23
On The Importance Of Pre-Game Warm-Ups (Via The World Cup)
New York Times - 12/2/22

View remaining articles (141)

“Pickleball Is Expanding. Tennis Is Mad.”
New York Times - 10/21/22
“How Painful Should Your Workout Be?”
New York Times - 9/30/22
Play Pickleball At Home
New York Times - 9/14/22
“Why Is Pickleball So Popular?” (And Is It Really Exercise?)
New York Times - 9/3/22
A Deep Analysis Of “The Toss” In Tennis
New York Times - 8/28/22
“What kids gain from sports depends on adults”
KQED - 8/25/22
Women’s Tour De France Returns After 30 Years
NPR - 7/22/22
“Five Steps To Creating A Winning Esports Space At Any School”
THE Journal - 7/7/22
“6 Ways to Level Up Your Daily Walk”
New York Times - 6/29/22
Profile: The Life Of A College eSports Coach
Wired - 6/23/22

“By early 2021, Walsh had gathered ample evidence to prove that esports could bring in as many as 20 student-athletes per year and boost the college’s brand among potential applicants who’d been weaned on Fortnite and NBA 2K. Still, some of the school’s administrators scoffed at the idea that gamers deserved the same respect as, say, members of LCCC’s well-regarded rodeo team. “They’re not athletes, because an athlete, by definition, manipulates their body and muscles in a way to interact with some object,” Walsh recalls an administrator saying. “And I said, ‘You just described esports.’ And they’re like, ‘Well, no, they’re not moving.’ And I go, ‘They’re moving their wrists and their fingers with dexterity. And they’re using their brains in such a quick and decisive way. How is that not a sport?’””
How Much Exercise Is Enough For A Healthy Life?
New York Times - 5/18/22
“Six Ways Schools Improved P.E. To Prioritize Student Interests”
KQED - 5/10/22

“Exercise contributes to happiness. It blunts anxiety and thwarts depression. Even 30 minutes of daily “brisk walking,” the World Health Organization asserts, can lift the mood. A study comparing the brain MRIs of active and inactive nine and ten-year-olds found a higher volume of the “white matter” that’s associated with memory and learning among the fit children. In her book "The Extended Mind," Annie Murphy Paul explains how moving at varied levels of exertion affects the brain: low-intensity enhances executive function; moderate improves problem-solving, focus, memory, and other cognitive advantages; and high-intensity exercise stokes creativity.”
“The King Of Throws” - The Best Pitching Coach Ever?
New York Times - 5/9/22
“How Can High School Sports Better Serve Students?”
KQED - 5/2/22

“The Aspen study identified eight overarching strategies that high school leaders can take to escape the 70’s model and invigorate their sports programs.”
“Physical Learning Loss”? Run Clubs Get Kids Moving After The Pandemic
Hechinger Report - 11/8/21

“The consequences of these reductions in physical activity are hard to quantify, especially since many schools suspended fitness testing during the pandemic and have yet to resume it, but some PE teachers say they’re seeing more kids with locomotor delays and weaker stamina than normal… Other instructors are seeing an increase in cognitive issues, such as difficulty paying attention or following directions, particularly among kids who remained remote for most or all of last year.”
On The Future Of eSports, Including Data On Its Growth
Tech & Learning - 10/18/21
"How I Tricked Myself Into Liking Running”
New York Times - 6/30/21
Late Afternoon Exercise Might Be Better For Metabolizing Food
New York Times - 5/26/21
“Ice For Sore Muscles? Think Again.”
New York Times - 4/21/21
“The Best Time Of Day To Exercise” …Depends On The Objective
New York Times - 1/27/21
"The Benefits Of Moderate Exercise”
New York Times - 1/20/21

“Taken as a whole, the results indicate that intervals and traditional exercise alter our bodies in divergent ways, and we may want to consider what we hope to achieve with exercise when choosing how best to exercise.”
Breakdancing Approved For Paris Olympics In 2024
ESPN - 12/7/20
Sports Struggle To Reinvent Themselves Online, But Still Try.
NPR - 5/6/20
COVID-19: Exercise Options For Kids And Teens Stuck At Home
KQED - 3/18/20
COVID-19: Taking A Walk Is Good For Body And Mind (And Safe)
New York Times - 3/17/20
How Much Exercise Makes A Difference For Brain And Body Health?
Fast Company - 2/28/20
Fortnite, And The Construction Of The High School eSports Ecosystem
Medium - 1/29/20
"1 in 5 U.S. Adults Use Health Apps, Wearable Trackers”
Gallup - 12/11/19
Exercise Sharpens Memory And Wards Of Dementia
New York Times - 11/11/19
How Egypt Came To Dominate Squash
New York Times - 11/1/19

“Egypt has about 400 courts and fewer than 10,000 players, say players and coaches. But the finest Egyptian players are bunched in about 10 clubs in two cities, Cairo and Alexandria, which are about a three-hour drive apart.”
NCAA To Allow College Athletes To Profit From Endorsements
NPR - 10/29/19
You May Soon Be Able To Major In eSports At Ohio State
NPR - 10/27/19

“The program includes a competitive team, a research arm and the esports and game studies major that could be an official offering next fall.”
“Repeat Concussions Declining In U.S. High School Sports”
Reuters - 10/16/19

“The prevalence of high-school football practice-related concussions and repeat concussions in all high-school sports dropped between 2013-14 and 2017-18, but the rate of game-related concussions rose during the same period, researchers reported in Pediatrics. The findings also showed the highest concussion rates in boys' football, girls' soccer and boys' ice hockey, while concussions were more prevalent among girls and during competitions.”
“What If You Only Sometimes Work Out?”
Medium - 10/15/19
Kipchoge Beats The 2-Hour Marathon Record
New Yorker - 10/12/19
Overtraining Taxes Athletes’ Decision-Making Capacity
NPR - 9/26/19
Meritocracy In Athletics: Boon Or Burden?
Atlantic - 8/30/19
On Andrew Luck And The Dehumanization Of “Playing Through The Pain”
New York Times - 8/27/19

“That is the cruel paradox of the sport: Participation almost guarantees eventual injury, yet the culture simultaneouslycelebrates only those healthy competitors who survive the winnowing.”
A Fortnite World Cup… At Arthur Ashe Stadium… And A $3M Winner
New York Times - 7/28/19
“All-Girls School Becomes 1st In US With Varsity E-Sports”
AP News - 7/23/19
#BottleCapChallenge: Viral Social Media Challenge For Precision Athletes
Digg - 7/3/19
“Playing Teen Sports May Protect Some From Damages Of Childhood Trauma”
KQED - 5/28/19
A Review Of The Research On Stretching
Medium - 5/17/19
Your Guide To Really, Really Short Workouts
New York Times - 3/15/19

“High-intensity interval training — referred to as H.I.I.T. — is based on the idea that short bursts of strenuous exercise can have a big impact on the body. If moderate exercise — like a 20-minute jog — is good for your heart, lungs and metabolism, H.I.I.T. packs the benefits of that workout and more into a few minutes.”
115 Schools Now Have eSports Scholarships
EdSurge - 2/27/19

"From one institution to 35-plus in three years is fairly rapid growth in the world of higher education. What has happened in the 18 months since I wrote that blog post? There are now over 115 colleges and universities offering scholarships. Several of these colleges actively market esports scholarship opportunities to high school students and recruit high skill, high school esports players directly from tournaments.”
Breakdancing On The Shortlist For Paris Olympics In 2024
BBC - 2/21/19
On The Health Benefits Of 30 Minutes Of Walking
New Scientist - 2/20/19
“Poor Students More Likely To Play Football, Despite Brain Injury Concerns
NPR - 2/3/19
A Short Reflection On The Ethics Of Football, Via Newspaper Ethicist
New York Times - 1/29/19

“The potential for grievous injury is surely part of why people watch Nascar races; we still expect drivers to use six-point harnesses and flame-retardant suits. It isn’t obvious how this principle should be applied to a game like football. Some think that new high-tech helmets will help; others argue that no helmets at all would be safer, because (as in rugby) it might discourage head collisions. Players spend much more time in practice than in actual games, and some think that practice needs to be reformed to avoid the subconcussive impacts that have been linked to C.T.E. There’s more research to be done, more rethinking of the rules of the game.”
Extra-Curriculars: “How Effective Sports Coaches Help Students”
KQED - 1/28/19
Principal Learns To Shuffle Dance. Leads Whole School In Exercise. [Video]
YouTube - 1/20/19
The Mathematics Of Basketball: Why The Mid-Range Shot Is Vanishing
Flowing Data - 1/15/19

“On average, 3-pointers produced 1.07 points. Mid-Range shots produced only 0.81 points, 24% less than 3-pointers.”
High School eSports Launched Officially In Five States
Inc. - 12/19/18

“The high school coaches who spoke with Inc. contest the idea that the students joining their e-sports teams generally are doing so in lieu of physical activity: They're kids who otherwise would be gaming at home, in a room alone, talking to people through a headset or not at all… It's nice to see these kids that might have been loaners, outcasts, have support from their classmates. It tells them, 'We want to watch you. We think what you're doing is cool.’”
We’re Only Just Beginning To Understand *Why* Exercise Is Good For Us
New York Times - 12/19/18
“Aerobic Activities… Can Make Our Cells Biologically Younger”
New York Times - 12/12/18
10-30 Minutes: The Amount Of Exercise Necessary To Improve Mood
The Cut - 12/4/18
Data On Prevalence Of CTE In Former College Football Players
USA Today - 11/2/18

“An analysis released Friday showed that 147 college football programs had at least one former player diagnosed with the degenerative brain disease chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).”
National Association Of Collegiate ESports: 98 Varsity Programs Now
New York Times - 11/2/18
A Collection Of Research Articles About Concussions
Stanford - 10/19/18
High Schools Partner With University To Study Concussions
Stanford - 10/15/18
Everything You Wanted To Know About: Walking
Quartz - 10/12/18
The CDC Releases New Guidelines On Diagnosing/Managing Concussions
New York Times - 9/17/18

“The guideline, which is the first from the C.D.C. that is specific to mild brain injury in children, advises against the long recovery period, isolated in a dark, quiet room, that has sometimes been used in treatment.”
Children Should Avoid Tackle Football Before Age 14. Flag Instead.
Wall Street Journal - 9/13/18
Requiring Physical Activity Increases Motivation For Exercise Over Time
EurekAlert - 9/12/18

"The results showed that the students who were required to take physical activity classes were less motivated to be active… They also found that the students' motivation increased as they continued in school.”
Football Continues To Come Under Fire For Concussions
EdWeek - 9/10/18

“The younger children are when they start playing tackle football, the more likely they are to develop degenerative brain disorders later in life.”
“The Kids Who Still Need Football”
New York Times - 9/8/18

“America is moving away from this dangerous sport. But some families will decide the risks are worth it…”
Helpful Instructional Videos: NFL Wrestles With No-Helmet-Hits Rule.
New York Times - 9/6/18
On How A Cycling-Before-School Program Helps Middle School Kids
Spokesman - 9/3/18
US Olympics Hosts Reality Show Auditions To Woo Crossover Athletes
New York Times - 8/20/18

“The idea of “talent transfer” — that a sprinter could become a bobsledder or a gymnast could become a diver — is not new. But in the “Olympic Hopeful” model, the athletes don’t come from professional sports backgrounds. Most are full-time students or hold full-time jobs. Not everyone thought it would work, until Josh Williamson, then a 20-year-old lacrosse player, emerged as a winner in 2017. Within months, Mr. Williamson transformed into a world-class bobsledder, winning five international medals. He is expected to compete at the 2022 Winter Olympics.”
On The Benefits Of Exercise (Karate) For Aging Well
New York Times - 8/16/18

"Exercise, participate in mentally challenging activities, and eat a healthful diet. The latest research suggests social connections are important as well.”
What Happens When You Stop Exercising?
New York Times - 8/1/18
How Dehydration Affects Cognitive Function
NPR - 7/30/18
How Sport Psychology Helped Turn Around England’s World Cup Team
Guardian - 7/10/18
Meanwhile, For Safety, The NFL Revises Its Use-Of-Helmet Rule
Deadspin - 6/26/18
Some Explorations Into The Effects Of Heading In Soccer
New York Times - 6/19/18
How To Run A Halftime Pep Talk (Via The Golden State Warriors)
New York Times - 5/31/18
“Chiefs Lineman Gets His Medical Degree, Then Heads Back To Practice”
New York Times - 5/30/18
How To Do High Intensity Interval Training At Any Age
New York Times - 5/29/18
Explaining The Role Of The Domestique In Cycling
LA Times - 5/15/18
Exercise Into Older Age Keeps Muscles and Immune System Young
New York Times - 5/14/18

"Older cyclists are not like most of the rest of us. They are healthier. They are, biologically, younger. Their muscles generally retained their size, fiber composition and other markers of good health across the decades, with those riders who covered the most mileage each month displaying the healthiest muscles, whatever their age. The impacts on riders’ immune system also were marked.”
“Lacrosse Casts Its Net Farther From the Coast”
New York Times - 5/4/18
Exercise—Even Once A Week—Makes People Happier
New York Times - 5/2/18

“People who work out even once a week or for as little as 10 minutes a day tend to be more cheerful than those who never exercise. And any type of exercise may be helpful.”
“NFL Draft 2018: 1st Round Loaded With Multi-Sport Athletes”
USA Football - 4/26/18

"29 of 32 first round draft picks were multi-sport athletes in high school.”
Strenuous Exercise Is Not Bad For The Body
New York Times - 4/25/18
Becky Hammon Breaks Ground As Female Asst. Coach In The NBA
New Yorker - 4/16/18
“Bananas Vs. Sports Drinks? Bananas Win In Study”
New York Times - 4/4/18

“It found that a banana, with its all-natural package, provides comparable or greater anti-inflammatory and other benefits for athletes than sports drinks. But there may be a downside, and it involves bloating.”
Local Accountant Called Up As NHL Backup, Become Hero
NPR - 3/30/18

“He stopped one shot after another — seven times blocking the Jets' attempts to score. In a moment most rec-league players can recognize from our wildest dreams, the fans in the United Center began chanting his name.”
The NCAA, The FBI, And Whether To Pay College Athletes
Atlantic - 3/22/18
"Hearts Get ‘Younger,’ Even At Middle Age, With Exercise”
NPR - 3/12/18
On The Photographer Of Roger Bannister’s 4 Minute Mile Finish
Deadspin - 3/7/18
Physical Fitness Tied To Improving Academics, So Schools Change
Hechinger Report - 2/21/18
Maryland Lawmakers Consider Prohibiting U14 Tackle Football
USA Today - 2/6/18
On The Importance Of Focused Conditioning (Via The Patriots. Sorry.)
Ringer - 1/30/18
NYT Collects Concussion Related Articles From This Year
New York Times - 12/28/17
Fewer Kids Are Playing Sports. Is It Because Of Parents?
BBC - 12/28/17
But Do More Concussions Come From PE Class Than From Sports?
Reuters - 12/22/17
How Elite Athletes Motivate Themselves To Push Beyond
Outside - 12/14/17
A Book To Introduce Your Kid To Skateboarding
Vice - 12/12/17
Minnesota Adds HS Fitness Program, Measures Results
Star Tribune - 12/6/17

"Researchers found that students who were physically fit were much more likely to score better on state standardized tests. They were 27 percent more likely to be proficient in math and 24 percent more likely to be proficient in reading.”
VT Becomes First State To Approve Ultimate As Varsity Sport
Ultiworld - 11/3/17
LA Football Team Goes Undefeated With 5 Tri-Varsity Players
LA Times - 11/2/17
Strava Updated Its Global Heat Map
Medium - 11/1/17
CT Becomes First State To Recognize Video Gamers As Athletes
WFSB - 10/31/17
College Quidditch Celebrates 12 Years
Middlebury - 10/17/17
Diary Of A Concussion: By Writer Who Had Reported On Concussions
The Verge - 9/27/17
"The Contentious Physics Of Wiffle Ball”
Atlantic - 9/15/17
Tom Brady's Brain: Intellectual Football, And Annual Concussions
New York Times - 9/6/17
NFL, CFL, and a Challenge to Whether Football Causes CTE
The Walrus - 8/16/17
Of 111 NFL Brains, 110 Had CTE. Plus Some College And HS Data
New York Times - 7/25/17

"Researchers also examined brains from the Canadian Football League, semi-professional players, college players and high school players. Of the 202 brains studied, 87 percent were found to have C.T.E. The study found that the high school players had mild cases, while college and professional players showed more severe effects. But even those with mild cases exhibited cognitive, mood and behavioral symptoms.”
Usain Bolt And The Biomechanics Of Sprinting
New York Times - 7/20/17
E-Sports Create Gamer Leagues (Robert Kraft Owns One), $1B Value
Quartz - 7/12/17
How D1 Athletes Responded To 12 Minutes/Day Of Mindfulness
New York Times - 6/21/17

"And those in the meditation group, if they had practiced often, showed considerable mental resilience, with higher scores than the other athletes in either group on the measures of both attention and mood.”
On The Epidemic Of Sports Specialization
New York Post - 6/19/17

“It’s young people with injuries that weren’t common when there was a diversity of sports — three different sports and three different seasons. The variety of the stress on their body wasn’t causing it to break down to the degree we are seeing now.”
The Science Of Baseball Itself Is Also Extraordinarily Detailed.
The Ringer - 6/14/17
Mathematical Studies Of The Baseball Swing Are Amazing.
Washington Post - 6/1/17
3 Factors In Ultra-High Athletic Performance, Via Running [video]
Wired/YouTube - 5/3/17
More On The Health Benefits Of Running
New York Times - 4/12/17

"Running may be the single most effective exercise to increase life expectancy”
Another Report On The Value Of Interval Training (For Older People)
Inc. - 4/10/17

"In non-science terms, the group who did interval training experienced changes that increased both the amount and the health of their mitochondria--especially the people in the older age group.”
High Intensity Interval Training Seems To Reverse Muscle Decline
New York Times - 3/23/17
Sports Teams Celebrate Pi Day In Nerdy Fashion
Washington Post - 3/15/17
Short Video On What To Eat Before And After A Workout
New York Magazine - 3/13/17
What Tom Brady Reads For Mental Toughness
Inc. - 2/6/17
Concussions On The Rise In Soccer… Detailed Data Included.
Reuters - 1/16/17
The Concussion Diaries: A HS Football Player With CTE
GQ - 1/9/17
How The Habit Of Exercise Changes One’s Later Years In Life
New York Times - 12/21/16
For Cognitive Benefits, Is Running Better Than Other Exercise?
New York Times - 12/14/16
Running Versus Weight Training
Vice - 11/17/16
More Evidence Of How Even Non-Concussion Head Impact Is Damaging
Pacific Standard - 10/24/16
How FIFA (The Video Game) Is Changing How Professionals Play Soccer
New York Times - 10/13/16
“Playing With A Concussion Doubles Recovery Time”
New York Times - 8/29/16
“How To Start Running”: NYT Aggregates Its Articles On Running
New York Times - 8/23/16
US High School Federation Calls For Pitch Limits Next Year
ESPN - 7/12/16
What Are The Limits Of Human Running? A 2-Hour Marathon?
New York Times - 5/15/16
Is CTE Far More Common Than In Pro Sports?
ESPN - 3/16/16
Ivy-League Football Coaches Vote To Eliminate Tackling In Practice
Chronicle of Higher Education - 3/1/16
Former Student-Athletes Are More Likely To Be Thriving In Life
Gallup - 2/17/16
A Review Of How Different Forms Of Stretching Help You (Or Don’t)
New York Times - 1/21/16
Should Football Require A Legal Age Of Consent To Play?
New York Times - 12/7/15
Pro Baseball Scouts Start Using Neuropsych Brain Scales
SB Nation - 7/15/15
USWNT And The Case For Multi-Sport Athletes
USA Today - 7/3/15
Five Sensible Tips For Lifelong Exercise
Vox - 4/3/15

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